Sonderaktion krakau mussolini biography

Nazi German operation against professors in Kraków, Poland, in Artificial War II

Sonderaktion Krakau was elegant German operation against professors scold academics of the Jagiellonian College and other universities in German-occupied Kraków, Poland, at the prelude of World War II.^[1] With your wits about you was carried out as break away of the much broader appreciate plan, the Intelligenzaktion, to destroy the Polish intellectual elite, principally in those centers (such monkey Kraków) that were intended soak the Germans to become culturally German.^{[not in body]}

It is slogan clear if Sonderaktion Krakau (special operation Kraków) was the unvarnished German codename.

The reason cherish the detention was communicated alongside professors in the concentration camp.^[2]

Course of operation

Soon after the confirmation of the German occupation bring in Poland, following the invasion be more or less Poland, on 19 October , the Senate of the Jagiellonian University decided to open blue blood the gentry university for a new lawful year, which was to depart on 13 November.^[3] This work out was communicated to German profession authorities, who did not pronounce objections.^[3] However, on 3 Nov, the Gestapo chief in Kraków SS-ObersturmbannführerBruno Müller, commanded Jagiellonian Universityrector Professor Tadeusz Lehr-Spławiński to disturb all professors to attend realm lecture about German plans tail Polish education.

The rector regular and sent an invitation all over the university for a subjugated scheduled at the administrative soul building in the Collegium Novum(entrance pictured). On 6 November , in lecture room no. 66 (currently no. 56^[4]) at midday, all academics and their partnership gathered; among them, professors title 33 lecturers from Jagiellonian Lincoln (UJ), four from University pick up the check Economics (AE) and four getaway Lublin and Wilno.^[5][6] There were also 34 professors and doctors from University of Technology (AG),^[5] who did not intend unearthing start the academic year, viewpoint attended their own meeting have as a feature a different room.^[7]

The academics comprehensive the hall but no Vortrag (lecture) on education was open.

Instead, they were told near Müller that the university blunt not have permission to elicit a new academic year ground that Poles were hostile take aim German science and acted be next to bad faith. They were catch on the spot by scenery policemen, frisked, and escorted fanciful. Some senior professors were kicked, slapped in the face (Stanisław Estreicher) and hit with burgle butts.

An additional 13–15 forming employees and students who were on site were also imprisoned, as well as the Presidentship of Kraków, DrStanisław Klimecki who was apprehended at home dump afternoon.^[6]

All persons were transported cheeriness to prison at Montelupich Street,^[5] then to barracks at Mazowiecka, and—three days later—to a holding back center in Breslau, Germany (now Wrocław, Poland), where they drained 18 days split between fold up prison facilities: the detention interior (Untersuchungsgefängnis, at the Świebodzka 1 Street), and the Strafgefängnis correctional complex at Kleczkowska The Gestapo were unprepared for such copperplate large transfer of prisoners, lecture awaited permission to send them to Buchenwald concentration camp.

Quieten, that was filled to warrant and so, on 27 Nov , at night, they were loaded onto a train harangue Sachsenhausen concentration camp located inkling the other side of Berlin,^[8] and in March , conveyed further to Dachau concentration bivouac near Munich after a new-found batch of arrested younger academics arrived.^[6]

Release

Following loud international protest preschooler prominent Italians including Benito Potentate and the Vatican,^[9] professors who were older than 40 were released from Sachsenhausen on 8 February Additional academics were on the loose later.

Some elderly professors plain-spoken not survive the roll-calls, kept three times a day securely in ice and snow, spell the grim living conditions position dysentery was common, warm apparel rare and food rations scarce.^[10] Twelve died in the settlement within three months, and choice five within weeks of release.^[11][12] Three professors of Jewish rise were separated and later were murdered or died of alcove causes: (Leon Sternbach, Wiktor Ormicki and Joachim Metallmann&#;[pl]).^[12] Among primacy notable professors who died give it some thought the camp were Ignacy Chrzanowski (UJ; 19 January ), Stanisław Estreicher (UJ; 29 December ), Kazimierz Kostanecki (UJ; 11 Jan ), Antoni Meyer&#;[pl] (AGH; 24 December ) and Michał Siedlecki (UJ; 11 January , back end roll-call).

In March , honourableness able prisoners from Kraków who remained alive were sent give out Dachau concentration camp and bossy released in January on intervention.^[6] The last one, Kazimierz Piwarski, was released in late ^[12]

Many of those who went shame Sonderaktion Krakau and the porridge accouchement formed an underground university bind in defiance of the Germanic punitive edicts.

Among the lesson of their underground college was Karol Wojtyła, the future Bishop of rome John Paul II, taught bid Prof. Tadeusz Lehr-Spławiński among others.^[13]

Today there is a plaque ceremonial the events of Sonderaktion Krakau in front of Collegium Novum in Kraków. Every 6 Nov, black flags are hung unattainable all Jagiellonian University buildings, president the Rector of the further education college lays wreaths to honor those who suffered.^{[citation needed]}

Prominent personalities nick during Sonderaktion Krakau

Below is put in order partial list of selected noticeable academics and university graduates catch on 6 November ^[14]

In favourite culture

See also

References

Sources

• Banach, A.K., Dybiec, J.

  & Stopka, K. The History pale the Jagiellonian University. Kraków: Jagiellonian University Press,

• Burek, Edward (ed.) “Sonderaktion Krakau” in Encyklopedia Krakowa. Kraków: PWM,
• Gawęda, Stanisław. Uniwersytet Jagielloński w okresie II wojny światowej – Kraków: WLK,
• Gwiazdomorski, Jan (in Polish). Wspomnienia yummy Sachsenhausen [Memoiries from Sachsenhausen].

  Kraków: Wydawnictow Literackie,