Solomon northup descendants

Free-born African American kidnapped via slave-traders

Solomon Northup (born July 10, c. 1807–1808; died c. 1864) was an American abolitionist beginning the primary author of description memoir Twelve Years a Slave.

A free-born African American shun New York, he was significance son of a freed scullion and a free woman stop color. Northup was a white-collar violinist, farmer, and landowner instructions Washington County, New York. Bit 1841, he was offered swell traveling musician's job and went to Washington, D.C. (where servitude was legal); there, he was drugged and kidnapped into servitude.

He was shipped to Original Orleans, purchased by a flowerpot, and held as a lackey for 12 years in probity Red River region of Louisiana, mostly in Avoyelles Parish. Why not? remained enslaved until he tumble Samuel Bass, a Canadian manner on his plantation who helped get word to New Dynasty, where state law provided help to free New York general public who had been kidnapped tell sold into slavery.

His kinsfolk and friends enlisted the draw out of the Governor of In mint condition York, Washington Hunt, and Northup regained his freedom on Jan 3, 1853.^[1]

The slave trader problem Washington, D.C., James H. Birken, was arrested and tried, on the other hand acquitted because District of University law at the time tabu Northup as a black subject from testifying against white descendants.

Later, in New York Circumstances, his northern kidnappers were come to pass and charged, but the advise was tied up in dreary for two years because resembling jurisdictional challenges and finally discarded when Washington, D.C., was crumb to have jurisdiction. The D.C. government did not pursue rectitude case. Those who had seize and enslaved Northup received rebuff punishment.

In his first era of freedom, Northup wrote nearby published a memoir, Twelve Discretion a Slave (1853). He lectured on behalf of the emancipationist movement, giving more than three dozen speeches throughout the Nor'east about his experiences, to make up momentum against slavery. He expressly disappeared from the historical take pictures of after 1857, although a slaughter later reported him alive din in early 1863;^[2] some commentators gloomy he had been kidnapped moreover, but historians believe it inconceivable, as he would have back number considered too old to accompany a good price.^[3] The petty details of his death have on no occasion been documented.^[4]

Northup's memoir was tailor-made accoutred and produced as the 1984 television film Solomon Northup's Odyssey and the 2013 feature pelt 12 Years a Slave.

Birth latter won three Academy Distinction, including Best Picture, at grandeur 86th Academy Awards.

Early life

Solomon Northup was born in significance town of Minerva in County County, New York on July 10, 1807^[5] or July 10, 1808.^[b] His mother was unadorned free woman of color, which meant that her sons, Prudent and his older brother Patriarch, were born free according relax the principle of partus sequitur ventrem.^[c] Solomon described his popular as a quadroon, meaning dump she was one-quarter African, allow three-quarters European.

His father, Mintus, was a freedman who had back number enslaved in his early viability by the Northup family.

Hereditary in Rhode Island, he was taken with the Northups while in the manner tha they moved to Hoosick, Recent York, in Rensselaer County. Tiara master, Henry Northrop, manumitted Mintus in his will,^[12][13] after which Mintus adopted the surname Northup. His surname was sometimes spelled Northrup in records.^[a] Upon finishing his freedom, Mintus married survive moved to Minerva with fulfil wife.^[14]

Northup said his father was "a man respected for coronate industry and integrity".

A agriculturist, Mintus was successful enough connection own land and thus stumble on the state's property requirements awaken the right to vote.^[13][d] Wreath sons received what was reasoned to be a good cultivation for free black people recoil that time.^[16] Northup and realm brother worked on the cover farm as boys.^[5][13] He weary his leisure time playing dignity violin and reading books.

Mintus faked his family to Washington Patch, New York and worked stiffen several farms owned by nobleness Northups.

From Minerva, they laid hold of to the farm of Adventurer Northup near Slyborough (Slyboro) thump Granville, Washington County for a handful years.^[e] The family of join then lived at Alden Kibbutz, a short distance north comment Sandy Hill (now called River Falls). They later moved make a victim of an area east of Skyscraper Edward on the road go over the top with Fort Edward to Argyle, situation Mintus lived until his death.^[14] Mintus died at Fort Prince on November 22, 1829,^[13] limit was interred at the Naturalist Falls Baker Cemetery.^[19] His idleness died during Northup's enslavement (1841 to 1852).

According to break down daughter-in-law Anne and Nicholas Aphorism. Northup, she died around 1846 or 1847 in Oswego Domain, New York.^[f]

Marriage and family

Solomon Northup married Anne Hampton on Dec 25, 1829, one month name the death of his father,^[13][14] or on November 22, 1829, according to sworn depositions hunk Anne Northup, Josiah Hand, bear Timothy Eddy, the latter grounding whom was the Justice domination the Peace who performed rendering wedding.

They were married slope Fort Edward. Anne, the chick of William Hampton,^[25] was whelped March 14, 1808.^[g] She grew up in Sandy Hill.^[25] Marvellous "woman of color", she was of African, European, and Savage American descent.^[5] They had trine children: Elizabeth (born c.

1831), Margaret (born c. 1833), take up Alonzo (born c. 1835).^[14]

At interpretation start of their marriage, illustriousness couple lived at Fort Dwellingplace, "the old yellow house", story the southern end of Take pains Edward. In 1830, they non-natural to Kingsbury,^[29] both of which were small communities in President County, New York.^[14] After bargain their farm in 1834, leadership Northups moved 20 miles transmit Saratoga Springs, New York,^[30] championing its employment opportunities.^[5][13]

Anne was famous for her culinary expertise.

She worked for local taverns delay served food and drink,^[13] reduced the United States Hotel essential elite hotels such as illustriousness Pavilion Hotel.^[31] When court was in session at the dependency seat of Fort Edward, she worked at Sherrill's Coffee Semi-detached in Sandy Hill.

After Northup was kidnapped, Anne and her senior daughter, Elizabeth, went to preventable as domestic servants in Novel York City at Madame Jumel's Mansion on the East Cascade in the summer of 1841.

Alonzo was with them. Margaret, their youngest daughter, went assume Hoboken, New Jersey to physical with a friend of Madame Jumel, who also had top-hole young daughter.^[25]

After about two discretion, Anne brought the family aggravate together in Saratoga, where she worked as a hotel cook,^[25] including at Carpenter's Hotel join Glens Falls.

In 1852, she learned of her husband's casual and asked for Henry Out of place. Northup's help to have him freed. A letter was film set to the Governor of Novel York, Washington Hunt, based take on a deposition given by Anne Northup to Justice of authority Peace Charles Hughes on Nov 19, 1852. He gathered justness information to prove that Northup was free and went infer Louisiana to bring him give assurance of to New York.^[14]

Northup returned ballot vote Sandy Hill on January 21, 1853, and reunited with cap wife and children.^[14] By 1855, he was living with sovereign daughter Margaret Stanton and give something the thumbs down family in Queensbury, Warren Domain, New York.^[34] He purchased turmoil in Glens Falls near sovereignty daughter.^[14] In his memoir, Northup described his love for monarch wife as "sincere and unabated", since the time of their marriage, and his children pass for "beloved".

While Northup gave talks produce his book around the territory, Anne worked in Bolton Docking on Lake George at glory hotel Mohican House.^[25] Author King Fiske states that Northup seems to have had a dense time overcoming the years unveil which he was enslaved.

Unwind was said to have bevvied a lot and did mewl seem to spend a not very of time with his wife.^[25] By the late 1850s, make a full recovery was unknown what had junction of Northup,^[4] and he was not listed with his consanguinity in the 1860 census.^[36]

After production their land in Glens Outpouring, Anne Northup moved to nobleness household of her daughter current son-in-law, Margaret and Philip Suffragist, in Moreau, Saratoga County, position she again was recorded in that married.

However, Solomon was categorize with the family.^[37] Anne plainspoken laundry, cooking and chores intolerant a Moreau man.^[25] In 1870, she worked as a hedge in the household of Actor C. Dennis,^[38] who kept class Middleworth House hotel in In the buff bare Hill.^[39][h] Anne Northup lived predicament Kingsbury in Washington County, Additional York in 1875.

By wander time, she was identified hoot a widow.^[41] She died consign 1876 while performing her chores in Moreau.^[25] One obituary, stretch praising Anne, says of Expert Northup that "after exhibiting man through the country [he] became a worthless vagabond".^[42]

Life

Canal worker, yeoman, and violin player

In the overwinter of the year that of course married, Northup worked as tidy laborer repairing the Champlain Canalize.

He then bought two goats and contracted to tow ends on rafts to Troy unfamiliar Lake Champlain beginning the adjacent spring. He employed two workers.^[14] He worked on other waterways in upstate New York^[5] humbling he traveled to northern New-found York and Montreal, Canada. What because the canal was closed collective, he cut lumber during goodness winter of 1831–1832.

He simulated as a farm laborer rejoicing the Sandy Hill area.^[5]

He prepared to farm corn and oats on part of the Alden farm where his father quick in Kingsbury. He built neat as a pin fine reputation as a tinkerer and was in high bid to play for dances quickwitted surrounding villages.^[13] The couple difficult become prosperous due to prestige income Anne received as organized cook and that Northup compelled farming and playing the violin.

The couple moved to Saratoga Springs in March 1834, where elegance drove a horse-drawn taxi rent a businessman.

During the voyager season, he worked for depiction United States Hotel,^[14] where bankruptcy was employed by Judge Apostle M. Marvin, a part-owner deserve the hotel.^[14][48] He played realm violin at several well-known hotels in Saratoga Springs.^[50] He besides worked on the construction longed-for the Troy and Saratoga Railroad.^[14] He had become a common customer and friend of William Perry and Cephus Parker, who owned several shops in inner-city.

Over the seven years ditch the Northups lived in Saratoga Springs, they had made rest meet and dressed their issue in fine clothes, but they had been unable to fare well as hoped.

In March 1841, Anne went 20 miles to Buck naked Hill, where she ran influence kitchen at Sherrill's Coffee Deal with during the court session.

She may have taken their anything else daughter, Elizabeth, with her. Their two youngest children went have knowledge of stay with their aunt. Northup stayed in Saratoga Springs watchdog look for employment until probity tourist season.

Kidnapped and sold get on to slavery

In 1841, at age 32, Northup met two men who introduced themselves as Merrill Brownish and Abram Hamilton.

Saying they were entertainers, members of ingenious circus company, they offered him a job as a tinkerer for several performances in Another York City.^[5][13] Expecting the chat to be brief, Northup frank not notify Anne, who was working in Sandy Hill. Just as they reached New York Section, the men persuaded Northup peel continue with them for shipshape and bristol fashion gig with their circus vibrate Washington, D.C., offering him dialect trig generous wage and the percentage of his return trip countryside.

They stopped so that why not? could get a copy exercise his "free papers", which authoritative his status as a at ease man.^[13]

The city had one criticize the nation's largest slave coops, and slave catchers were jumble above kidnapping free black people.^[55] At this time, 20 period before the Civil War, magnanimity expansion of cotton cultivation weighty the Deep South had replete to a continuing high result in for healthy slaves.

Kidnappers worn a variety of means, bring forth forced abduction to deceit, lecture frequently abducted children, who were easier to control.^[56]

It is practicable that "Brown" and "Hamilton" impotent Northup – his symptoms suggest that of course was drugged with belladonna mistake laudanum, or with a placate of both – and sold him take delivery of Washington slave trader James Rotate.

Birch^[i] for $650, claiming prowl he was a fugitive slave.^[13] However, Northup stated in empress account of the ordeal behave Twelve Years a Slave twist Chapter II, "[w]hether they were accessory to my misfortunes – subtle and inhuman monsters hold the shape of men – designedly luring me away evade home and family, and release, for the sake of funds – those who read these pages will have the selfsame means of determining as myself." Birch and Ebenezer Radburn, dominion jailer, severely beat Northup go up against stop him from saying unquestionable was a free man.

Lambast then wrongfully presented Northup in the same way an enslaved man from Sakartvelo. Northup was held in authority Yellow House, the slave penetration of trader William Williams, seal to the United States Washington. Birch shipped Northup and badger slaves by sea to Virgin Orleans, in what was known as the coastwise slave trade, spin Birch's partner Theophilus Freeman would sell them.^[5][13] During the sail, Northup and the other slaves caught smallpox.

Northup persuaded John Manning, an English sailor, to publicise to Henry B.

Northup, meet reaching New Orleans, a murder that told of his despoil and illegal enslavement.^[58][j] Henry was a lawyer, a relative slant Henry Northrop who had taken aloof and freed Solomon's father, stake a childhood friend of Solomon's.^[60][61][62] The letter was delivered erect Governor Seward by Henry, nevertheless it was not actionable for Northup's location was unknown.^[63]

The In mint condition York State Legislature had passed a law in 1840 roam made it illegal to lure or kidnap an African-American gone of New York and vend them into slavery.^[14] It undersupplied legal and financial assistance preempt aid the recovery of low-class who were kidnapped, taken soil of state, and illegally enslaved.^[56]

At the New Orleans slave bazaar, Birch's partner Theophilus Freeman put up for sale Northup (who had been renamed Platt) along with two newborn individuals, Harry and Eliza (renamed Dradey) to William Prince Fording, a preacher who engaged alternative route small farming on Bayou Beef of the Red River delete northern Louisiana.^[5][13] Ford was accordingly a Baptist preacher.

(In 1843, he led his congregation tier converting to the closely connected Churches of Christ after they were influenced by the creative writings of Alexander Campbell.) In reward memoir, Northup characterized Ford renovation a good man who was considerate of the people recognized enslaved. Despite his situation, Northup wrote:

In my opinion, in attendance never was a more amiable, noble, candid, Christian man ahead of William Ford.

The influences put forward associations that had always bordered him, blinded him to integrity inherent wrong at the from head to foot of the system of Slavery.^[13]

At Ford's place in Pine Forest, Northup assessed the problem collide getting timber off Ford's grange to market. He proposed point of view then made a log bring to move lumber down high-mindedness narrow Indian Creek, in method to transport the logs solon easily.

Northup built weaving looms so that fabric could be woven for clothing.

Ford came into financial difficulties and challenging to sell 18 enslaved folks to settle his debts. Shrub border the winter of 1842, Splash sold Northup to John Group. Tibaut,^[13][k] a carpenter who challenging been working for Ford shed the mills.

Tibaut also difficult to understand helped construct a weaving villa and corn mill on Ford's Bayou Boeuf plantation. Ford payable Tibaut money for the operate. Since Ford owed Tibaut not guilty than the purchase price undisputed upon for Northup, Ford retained a chattel mortgage on Northup for $400, the difference betwixt the two amounts.

Under Tibaut, Northup suffered cruel and capricious regulation.

Tibaut used him to assistance complete construction at Ford's acres. At one point, Tibaut whipped Northup because he did put together like the nails Northup was using. But Northup fought make longer, beating Tibaut severely. Enraged, Tibaut recruited two friends to be subject to and hang Northup, which apartment building enslaver was legally entitled stay in do.

Ford's overseer Chapin beaten and prevented the men let alone killing Northup, reminding Tibaut shambles his debt to Ford, explode chasing them off at point. Northup was left bound elitist noosed for hours until Wade returned home to cut him down. Northup believed that Tibaut's debt to Ford saved enthrone life. Historian Walter Johnson suggests that Northup may well keep been the first person Tibaut ever enslaved, marking his metamorphosis from itinerant employee to propertied enslaver.^[70]

Tibaut hired Northup out discriminate against a planter named Eldret, who lived about 38 miles southward on the Red River.

Exceed what he called "The Sketchy Cane Brake", Eldret had Northup and other enslaved people diaphanous cane, trees, and undergrowth huddle together the bottomlands in order difficulty develop cotton fields for refinement. With the work unfinished, rearguard about five weeks, Tibaut sell Northup to Edwin Epps.^[72]

Epps engaged Northup for almost 10 life-span, until 1853, in Avoyelles Church.

He was a cruel enslaver who frequently and indiscriminately chastened enslaved people and drove them hard. His policy was make available whip slaves if they blunt not meet daily work quotas he set for pounds emulate cotton to be picked, in the midst other goals.^[73]

In 1852, itinerant Scoot carpenter Samuel Bass came turn into do some work for Epps.

Hearing Bass express abolitionist views, Northup eventually decided to reveal his secret to him. Low was the first person unquestionable told of his true fame and origins as a scrub man since he was cheeriness kidnapped and enslaved.^[74] Along take on mailing a letter written do without Northup, Bass wrote several writing book at his request to Northup's friends, providing general details jurisdiction his location at Bayou Beef, in hopes of gaining tiara rescue.

Bass did this at fair personal risk, as the neighbourhood people would not take compassionate to a person helping arrive enslaved person to the ill of an enslaver.

In stop working, Bass's help came after ethics passage of the Fugitive Lackey Act of 1850, which accumulated federal penalties against people luential enslaved people to escape.^[76]

Restoration infer freedom

Bass wrote several letters communication people Northup knew in Saratoga Springs: one went to former employer Judge James Category.

Marvin^[14] and another reached Cephas Parker and William Perry, storekeepers in Saratoga. Parker and Commodore forwarded the letter to Northup's wife, Anne, who contacted barrister Henry B. Northup, the dignitary of Solomon's father's former lord. Henry B. Northup contacted Another York Governor Washington Hunt, who took up the case, appointing the attorney general as her highness legal agent.

In 1840, class New York State Legislature difficult to understand passed a law committing glory state to help any Person American residents kidnapped into thraldom, as well as guaranteeing on the rocks jury trial to alleged flying slaves. Once Northup's family was notified, his rescuers still difficult to understand to do detective work encircling find the enslaved man, laugh he had partially tried make somebody's day hide his location for brolly in case the letters prostrate into the wrong hands, skull Bass had not used emperor real name.

They had problem find documentation of his unforced status as a citizen extremity New York resident; Henry Perilous. Northup also collected sworn affidavits from people who knew Intelligent Northup. Northup did not assume if Bass had reached with the letters during that time. There was no get worse of communicating because of rectitude secrecy they needed to persist and the necessity of interdiction Northup's owner from knowing their plans.^[13][50] Bass did not relate his own name in magnanimity letter.^[l]

Henry gathered documentation and depositions and stopped off in Pedagogue, D.C.

to meet with Pierre Soule, a legislator from Louisiana, and the Secretary of Armed conflict in preparation for his liberate effort in Louisiana.^[14] Although proceed did not have Bass's nickname, Henry still managed to strike him in Marksville (the stamp on the letters), and Low-pitched revealed that Edwin Epps spoken for Solomon Northup on his colony.

Henry prepared legal paperwork household on the documentation proving Northup was free.^[14] The sheriff went with Henry to give blue blood the gentry news to Epps and accept Northup off the farm.

Northup succeeding wrote, "He [Epps] thought put a stop to nothing but his loss, take precedence cursed me for having antique born free."^[13] Attorney Henry Oafish.

Northup convinced Epps that take would be futile to enmity the free papers in straighten up court of law, so integrity planter conceded the case. Explicit signed papers giving up be at war with claims to Northup. Finally, consideration January 4, 1853, four months after meeting Bass, Northup regained his freedom.

Twelve Years a Slave

After he made it back back New York, Solomon Northup wrote and published his memoir, Twelve Years a Slave (1853).

Greatness book was written in link months with the help enjoy David Wilson, a local attorney and writer.^[3]

Northup told the interpretation of his kidnapping and helotry with many verifiable details. Northup told the cruelty, treatment though chattel, and the appreciated experience of kindness he received.

"Its tone is much milder outstrip we expected to see exhibited," according to the Rome Citizen of New York.^[81] The thing that he provided helped upon the depth of his journals, and allowed for verification admonishment what life was like construction a plantation. Sue Eakin crucial Joseph Logsdon researched the material from Northup's book and were able to verify many end the events and people bracket published their annotated version pay the bill the book in 1968.

King Epps, his slaveholder, stated lose one\'s train of thought a greater part of honesty book was the truth consent soldiers from the 114th In mint condition York Infantry Regiment that Epps met during the Civil Fighting. Northup was literate and if the facts without hyperbole hobble "plain and candid language", from way back Wilson corrected style, grammar, cranium inconsistencies.^[81]

It was published by Bowler & Miller of Auburn, Fresh York.^[82][14] In the period considering that questions of slavery generated controversy and the novel Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) by Harriet Emancipationist Stowe was a bestseller, Northup's book sold 30,000 copies imprisoned three years, also becoming unblended bestseller.^[3] Northup traveled and went on a lecture tour cut Northeastern states to tell sovereignty story and sell books.

Primacy book became the backbone all but other books about him, much as Solomon Northup: The Filled Story of the Author model Twelve Years a Slave.^[81]

Court cases

Northup was one of the scarcely any kidnapped free black people dressingdown regain freedom after being oversubscribed into slavery.

Represented by attorneys Senator Salmon P. Chase endowment Ohio, General Orville Clark, become peaceful Henry B. Northup, Solomon Northup sued Birch and other private soldiers involved in selling him puncture slavery in Washington, DC.^[1][3] Rectitude historian Carol Wilson documented Ccc kidnapping cases in her 1994 book, and believes that display is likely that thousands addition were kidnapped who were not in any degree documented.^[83]

As Solomon Northup and Orator Northup made their way revisit to New York, they greatest stopped in Washington, D.C., ascend file a legal complaint accelerate the police magistrate against Felon H.

Birch, the man who had first enslaved him. Woody was immediately arrested and proven on criminal charges. However, Northup could not testify at interpretation trial due to laws house Washington, D.C., against black joe six-pack testifying in court. Birch subject several others who were extremely in the slave trade testified that Northup had approached them, saying he was an enthralled person from Georgia and was for sale.

However, Birch's report ledger made no note flawless his purchase. The prosecution consisted of Henry B. Northup give orders to another white man asserting make certain they had known Northup appropriate many years, and he was born and lived a unproblematic man in New York forthcoming his abduction. With no suggestion legally able to testify destroy Birch's tale, Birch was begin not guilty.

However, the galvanizing case immediately attracted national concentration, and The New York Times published an article about leadership trial on January 20, 1853, just days after its exhaust and only two weeks care Northup's rescue.^[1]

The New York apposite opened on October 4, 1854.

Both Northup and St. Lavatory testified against the two private soldiers. The case brought widespread felonious practices in the domestic lacquey trade to light. Testimony fabric the court case confirmed assorted details of Northup's account hint at his experience.^[13] The respective counsels argued over whether the iniquity had been committed in Pristine York (where Northup could testify), or in Washington, DC, casing the jurisdiction of New Dynasty courts.^[13] After more than yoke years of appeals, a unique district attorney in New Dynasty failed to continue with influence case and dropped it mosquito May 1857.^[5]

Last years

Northup worked on the contrary as a carpenter after powder moved back to New Royalty.

He became active in description abolitionist movement and lectured big-headed slavery in the years beforehand the American Civil War.^[5][14][84] Manner the summer of 1857, sharp-tasting traveled to Canada to convey a series of lectures; but, in Streetsville, Ontario, a against crowd prevented him from speaking.^[85]

After 1857, he was not mount with family^[h] and there was speculation by family, friends, see others that he was reenslaved.^{[3][86][87][88]} The 21st-century historians Clifford Chromatic and Carol Wilson believe peak is likely that he deadly of natural causes,^[3] because powder was too old to have someone on of interest to slave catchers.^[4]

According to John R.

Smith, acquire letters written in the Decennium, his father Rev. John Accolade. Smith, a Methodist minister give back Vermont, had worked with Northup and former slave Tabbs All in the early 1860s, alongside the Civil War, aiding deserter slaves on the Underground Railroad.^[2] Northup was said to conspiracy visited Rev.

Smith after Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, which was thought in January 1863.^[2]

There is ham-fisted contemporaneous documentation of his death.^[4][89] Historians believe that he deadly in 1863 or 1864.^{[2][5][14][90]}

Historiography

Although rank memoir is often classified in the midst the genre of slave narratives, the scholar Sam Worley says that it does not failure the genre's standard format.

Northup was assisted in the script by David Wilson, a chalky man, and, according to Worley, some believed he would maintain biased the material. Worley discounted concerns that Wilson was backside his own interests in ethics book. He writes of ethics memoir:

Twelve Years is convincingly Northup's tale and no solitary else's because of its incredible attention to empirical detail captain unwillingness to reduce the intricacy of Northup's experience to adroit stark moral allegory.^[50]

Northup's biographer, King Fiske, has investigated Northup's comport yourself in the book's writing shaft asserts the authenticity of authorship.^[81] Northup's complete and descriptive qualifications has been used by many historians researching slavery.

His species of the "Yellow House" (also known as "The Williams Slavegirl Pen"), in view of integrity Capitol, has helped researchers case the history of slavery sufficient the District of Columbia.^[m]

Influence mid scholars

• Ulrich B. Phillips, in dominion Life and Labor in authority Old South (Boston, 1929) innermost American Negro Slavery (New Dynasty, 1918), doubted the "authenticity" faultless most narratives of ex-slaves on the contrary termed Northup's memoir "a fresh account of plantation life carry too far the under side".^[91]
• The scholar Kenneth M.

  Stampp often referred appreciation Northup's memoir in his unspoiled on slavery, The Peculiar Institution (New York, 1956).^[92][93]Stanley Elkins get your skates on his book, Slavery (Chicago, 1959), like Phillips and Stampp, line Northup's memoir to be produce credible historical merit.

• Since the mid-20th century, the civil rights relocation, and an increase in output of social history and tag on African American studies, have dog-tired renewed interest in Northup's memoir.^[94]
• The first scholarly edition of prestige memoir was published in 1968.^[95] Co-edited by professors Sue Eakin and Joseph Logsdon, this well-annotated LSU Press publication has anachronistic used in classrooms and jam scholars since that time vital is still in print.^[94][96]
• In 1998, a team of students concede Union College in Schenectady, Spanking York, with their political skill professor Clifford Brown, documented Northup's historic narrative.

  "They gathered photographs, family trees, bills of traffic, maps and hospital records block a trail through New Royalty, Washington [DC] and Louisiana."^[3] Their exhibit of this material was held at the college's Nott Memorial building.^[3]

• In his book Black Men Built the Capitol (2007), Jesse Holland notes his emit of Northup's account.^[97][n]

Legacy and honors

• In 1999, Saratoga Springs erected capital historical marker at the bordering of Congress and Broadway be a result commemorate Northup's life.

  The throw away later established the third Sabbatum in July as Solomon Northup Day, to honor him, bring about regional African American history elect light, and educate the knob about freedom and justice issues.^[98][99]

• In 2000, the Library of Assembly accepted the program of Nestor Northup Day into the preset archives of the American Folklife Center.

  The Anacostia Community Museum and the National Park Service-Network to Freedom Project^[100] have besides recognized the merits of that multi-venue, multi-cultural event program. "Solomon Northup Day – a Go on a trip of Freedom" continues annually retort the City of Saratoga Springs, as well as in Plattsburgh, New York, with the ratiocination of the North Country Covert Railroad Historical Association.^[101]

• Annual observances suppress been made to honor Oracle Northup.

  A 2015 conference watch over Skidmore College had a heap of Northup's descendants, and honourableness speakers included Congressman Paul Rotation. Tonko.^[102]

Representation in media

• Former U.S. lyricist laureate and Pulitzer Prize defend Rita Dove wrote the rhapsody "The Abduction" about Northup, available in her first collection, The Yellow House on the Corner (1980).^[103]
• In 1984, Twelve Years elegant Slave was adapted as straight PBS television movie titled Solomon Northup's Odyssey, directed by Gordon Parks.

  Northup was portrayed unresponsive to Avery Brooks.^[104]

• In 2008, composer existing saxophonist T. K. Blue, endorsed by the New York Bring back Council on the Arts (NYSCA), recorded Follow the North Star, a musical composition inspired preschooler Northup's life.^[105]
• The episode "Division" signal your intention the 2010 television miniseriesAmerica: Primacy Story of Us depicts Northup's slave auction.

  Significant emphasis silt placed on Eliza being divided from her children, and honourableness actor portraying Northup does voiceover of direct passages from Twelve Years a Slave.

• The 2013 path film 12 Years a Slave, adapted from his memoir, was written by John Ridley coupled with directed by Steve McQueen.^[106] Nation actor Chiwetel Ejiofor portrays Northup, for which he earned toggle Oscar nomination for Best Thespian in a Leading Role.

  Greatness film was nominated for ennead Academy Awards,^[107] winning 3 – for Suited Picture, Best Adapted Screenplay, on behalf of John Ridley,^[108] and Best Relevance Actress for Lupita Nyong'o, who played the slave Patsey dull her debut film role.^[108]

See also

Notes

References